The heater cartridge is pretty self explanatory. It heats the plastic. It is simply a high power resistor. Almost all modern printers use cartridge heaters, but many older printers used coils of nichrome wire (like the kind in a toaster). If you are replacing your heater cartidge, of even your entire hotend, make sure you know if your system is running 12v or 24v.
The Heater Cartridge of the 3D Printer is the main part to melt the filament and form into an object. PLEASE MAKE SURE THE VOLTAGE OF YOUR POWER SUPPLY 12V...